Unit 1 Introduction to Biology (5 hour)

• Biochemically important organic and inorganic molecules (general concepts)
• Carbohydrate
• protein
• lipid
• nucleic acid
• minerals and water

Unit 2 Cell Biology (15 hour)

• The cell: The cell as a unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,

         Structure and functions of cell organelles and inclusions.

• Cell division: Amitosis, mitosis, meiosis.

 Unit 3 Biodiversity (40 hour)

Definition and scope of biodiversity, flora diversity of Nepal, concept of taxonomy: classification, binomial nomenclature, shortcoming of two kingdom classification, hierarchic system in classification, phylogeny. Five kingdom classification: Monera, Protist, Mycota, Plantae and Animalia

• Monera: General account, structure and function of bacterial cells, concept of autotrophic and heterotrophic life styles, economic importance of bacteria.
• Cyanobacteria: Nostoc - Structure, reproduction and economic importance.
•  Mycota: Concept of Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes Structure and reproduction of Zygomycetes (Mucor), Ascomycetes (Yeast)
  Economic importance of fungi .
• Plantae:
  Algae: Introduction to green, red and brown algae, structure and reproduction of Spirogym
• Bryophyta: Marchantia and Funaria (morphology and life cycle).
• Pteridophyta: Dryopteris (morphology and life cycle)
• Gymnosperm: Brief morphological structure of Cycas and Pinus structure and it's distribution
• Angiosperm: Morphology: root, stem, leal, flower, fruit and seed relevant to the following families Taxonomy and economic importance of the following families, Papilionoidae only. Compositae (Asteraceae) and Gramineae (Poaceae), Cruciferae (Brassicaceae), Solanaceae,
• Lichen: Introduction and economic importance
• Virus: Structure and economic importance

Unit 4 Biota and their Environment(15 hour)

• Ecology: Definition, abiotic, biotic factors and their interactions
• Concept of ecosystem, Pond and grassland ecosystems structural and functional aspects, food chain, trophic level, ecological pyramids, productivity, concept of community and succession.
• Bio-geochemical cycle: carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.
• Ecological imbalance and its consequences: Greenhouse effects, depletion of ozone layer and acid rain
• Concept of mountain ecosystem (altitudinal and climatic changes).
  
  

Conservation

           Forest conservatiea: Brief introduction of forests of Nepal, importance of afforestation and             hazards of deforestation Management of land and water